A guide to the vegetation of Britain and Europe. O. POLUNIN AND M. WALTERS Publisher Oxford University Press 1985 £17.50 (hardcover) (238 pp. 53 figures and black and white photographs, 60 plates of plant drawings, 110 colour photographs)     

K. D. Bennett 《第四纪科学杂志》1986,1(1):88-88

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Global cooling inferred from dropstones in the Cretaceous: fact or wishful thinking?     

Matthew R. Bennett  Peter Doyle 《地学学报》1996,8(2):182-185

Traditionally, the Cretaceous has been considered as a long period of global warmth, a 'greenhouse' world. This view has been challenged in recent years by several lines of evidence; palaeobotany, stable isotopes, and palaeoclimatic modelling in particular. However, although these data demonstrate that cooling is likely, the only first-hand evidence which demonstrates the presence of substantial ice build-up in Cretaceous high palaeolatititudes are dropstones. These outsized or exotic clasts set in a fine-grained sediment are often interpreted as a direct result of ice rafting. The reliability of this dropstone evidence and particularly its validity is questioned in demonstrating ice age interludes within the Cretaceous greenhouse.  相似文献   

Kinetics of the reactions of hydroxyl radicals with aliphatic ethers studied under simulated atmospheric conditions: Temperature dependences of the rate coefficients     

Paul J. Bennett  J. Alistair Kerr 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1990,10(1):27-38

Rate coefficients have been measured for the reactions of hydroxyl radicals with five aliphatic ethers over the temperature range 242–328 K. Competitive studies were carried out in an atmospheric flow reactor in which the hydroxyl radicals were generated by the photolysis of methyl nitrite in the presence of air containing nitric oxide. The reaction of OH with 2,3-dimethyl-butane was used as the reference reaction and the following Arrhenius parameters have been obtained for the reactions: OH+RORproducts:

ROR	E/kJ mol–1	1012 A/cm3 molecule–1 s–1
dethyl ether	–2.8±0.4	3.5±0.6
di-n-propyl ether	–1.2±0.6	11.5±2.7
methylt-butyl ether	0.85±0.59	4.0±1.3
ethyln-butyl ether	–1.3±0.5	8.7±1.7
ethylt-butyl ether	–1.2±0.6	3.0±0.8

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High-Frequency Response of the Atmospheric Electric Potential Gradient Under Strong and Dry Boundary-Layer Convection     

Ricardo Conceição  Hugo Gonçalves Silva  Alec Bennett  Rui Salgado  Daniele Bortoli  Maria João Costa  Manuel Collares Pereira 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2018,166(1):69-81

The spectral response of atmospheric electric potential gradient gives important information about phenomena affecting this gradient at characteristic time scales ranging from years (e.g., solar modulation) to fractions of a second (e.g., turbulence). While long-term time scales have been exhaustively explored, short-term scales have received less attention. At such frequencies, space-charge transport inside the planetary boundary layer becomes a sizeable contribution to the potential gradient variability. For the first time, co-located (Évora, Portugal) measurements of boundary-layer backscatter profiles and the 100-Hz potential gradient are reported. Five campaign days are analyzed, providing evidence for a relation between high-frequency response of the potential gradient and strong dry convection.  相似文献   

Seawater-like trace element signatures (REE + Y) of Eoarchaean chemical sedimentary rocks from southern West Greenland,and their corruption during high-grade metamorphism   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

C. R. L. Friend  A. P. Nutman  V. C. Bennett  M. D. Norman 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2008,155(2):229-246

Modern chemical sediments display a distinctive rare earth element + yttrium (REE + Y) pattern involving depleted LREE, positive La/La*_SN, Eu/Eu*_SN, and Y_SN anomalies (SN = shale normalised) that is related to precipitation from circumneutral to high pH waters with solution complexation of the REEs dominated by carbonate ions. This is often interpreted as reflecting precipitation from surface waters (usually marine). The oldest broadly accepted chemical sediments are c. 3,700 Ma amphibolite facies banded iron-formation (BIF) units in the Isua supracrustal belt, Greenland. Isua BIFs, including the BIF international reference material IF-G are generally considered to be seawater precipitates, and display these REE + Y patterns (Bolhar et al. in Earth Planet Sci Lett 222:43–60, 2004). Greenland Eoarchaean BIF metamorphosed up to granulite facies from several localities in the vicinity of Akilia (island), display REE + Y patterns identical to Isua BIF, consistent with an origin by chemical sedimentation from seawater and a paucity of clastic input. Furthermore, the much-debated magnetite-bearing siliceous unit of “earliest life” rocks (sample G91/26) from Akilia has the same REE + Y pattern. This suggests that sample G91/26 is also a chemical sediment, contrary to previous assertions (Bolhar et al. in Earth Planet Sci Lett 222:43–60, 2004), and including suggestions that the Akilia unit containing G91/26 consists entirely of silica-penetrated, metasomatised, mafic rock (Fedo and Whitehouse 2002a). Integration of our trace element data with those of Bolhar et al. (Earth Planet Sci Lett 222:43–60, 2004) demonstrates that Eoarchaean siliceous rocks in Greenland, with ages from 3.6 to 3.85 Ga, have diverse trace element signatures. There are now geographically-dispersed, widespread examples with Isua BIF-like REE + Y signatures, that are interpreted as chemically unaltered, albeit metamorphosed, chemical sediments. Other samples retain remnants of LREE depletion but are beginning to lose the distinct La, Eu and Y positive anomalies and are interpreted as metasomatised chemical sediments. Finally there are some siliceous samples with completely different trace element patterns that are interpreted as rocks of non-sedimentary origin, and include metasomatised mafic rocks. The positive La/La*_SN, Eu/Eu*_SN and Y_SN anomalies found in Isua BIFs and other Eoarchaean Greenland samples, such as G91/26 from Akilia, suggests that the processes of carbonate ion complexation controlling the REE − Y patterns were already established in the hydrosphere at the start of the sedimentary record 3,600–3,850 Ma ago. This is in accord with the presence of Eoarchaean siderite-bearing marbles of sedimentary origin, and suggests that CO₂ may have been a significant greenhouse gas at that time.  相似文献   

Early diagenetic vivianite [Fe₃(PO₄)₂ · 8H₂O] in a contaminated freshwater sediment and insights into zinc uptake: A μ-EXAFS, μ-XANES and Raman study     

Kevin G. Taylor  Karen A. Hudson-Edwards  Andrew J. Bennett  Vladimir Vishnyakov 《Applied Geochemistry》2008

The sediments in the Salford Quays, a heavily-modified urban water body, contain high levels of organic matter, Fe, Zn and nutrients as a result of past contaminant inputs. Vivianite [Fe₃(PO₄)₂ · 8H₂O] has been observed to have precipitated within these sediments during early diagenesis as a result of the release of Fe and P to porewaters. These mineral grains are small (<100 μm) and micron-scale analysis techniques (SEM, electron microprobe, μ-EXAFS, μ-XANES and Raman) have been applied in this study to obtain information upon the structure of this vivianite and the nature of Zn uptake in the mineral. Petrographic observations, and elemental, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopic analysis confirms the presence of vivianite. EXAFS model fitting of the FeK-edge spectra for individual vivianite grains produces Fe–O and Fe–P co-ordination numbers and bond lengths consistent with previous structural studies of vivianite (4O atoms at 1.99–2.05 Å; 2P atoms at 3.17–3.25 Å). One analysed grain displays evidence of a significant Fe³⁺ component, which is interpreted to have resulted from oxidation during sample handling and/or analysis. EXAFS modelling of the Zn K-edge data, together with linear combination XANES fitting of model compounds, indicates that Zn may be incorporated into the crystal structure of vivianite (4O atoms at 1.97 Å; 2P atoms at 3.17 Å). Low levels of Zn sulphate or Zn-sorbed goethite are also indicated from linear combination XANES fitting and to a limited extent, the EXAFS fitting, the origin of which may either be an oxidation artifact or the inclusion of Zn sulphate into the vivianite grains during precipitation. This study confirms that early diagenetic vivianite may act as a sink for Zn, and potentially other contaminants (e.g. As) during its formation and, therefore, forms an important component of metal cycling in contaminated sediments and waters. Furthermore, for the case of Zn, the EXAFS fits for Zn phosphate suggest this uptake is structural and not via surface adsorption.  相似文献   

On the Design and Construction of Infiltration Galleries     

Truman W. Bennett 《Ground water》1970,8(3):16-24

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Seabed geotechnical parameters from electrical conductivity measurements     

Matthew H. Hulbert  Richard H. Bennett  Douglas N. Lambert 《Geo-Marine Letters》1982,2(3-4):219-222

Electrical conductivity measurements provide useful geotechnical information, particularly porosity data, and are well suited for use in conjunction with acoustic profiling techniques. A proposed conductivity measurement system for surveying the seabed is characterized by a towed inductive multifrequency probe operating underwater. It is integrated with a shipboard data acquisition and processing system.  相似文献   

Two inclinometers for the direct measurement of seafloor gradient from a submersible     

Douglas N. Lambert  Peter A. Rona  Richard H. Bennett  John W. Kofoed 《Geo-Marine Letters》1981,1(1):69-72

Two pendulum-type inclinometers, providing accurate direct measurements of seafloor gradient from a submersible, were developed and field tested. A manipulator-held inclinometer was used in Great Abaco Canyon to measure the angle of repose of taluslike carbonate deposits on the canyon wall. A submersiblemounted inclinometer continuously measured, and a camera recorded, variations in seafloor gradient on the lower continental slope off Cape Hatteras. This area has been previously identified seismically as containing rotational slump blocks. Slump deposits were found to have slopes of up to 10° while their associated slump scarps had gradients between 30 and 50°.  相似文献   

The effects of pot immersion time on catches of crabs, Cancer pagurus L. and lobsters, Homarus gammarus (L.)     

Bennett  D. B. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》1974,35(3):332-336

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